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Purpose@#The rising prevalence of childhood obesity in the past decades has caused nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to become the most common cause of pediatric chronic liver disease worldwide. This study was aimed at determining the effect of vitamin D (Vit D) on ultrasonography and laboratory indices of NAFLD and some blood biochemical indicators in children. @*Methods@#In this interventional study liver ultrasonography was performed in 200 children with overweight and obesity. A 108 had fatty liver among which 101 were randomly divided into two groups of study (n=51) and control (n=50). The study group was treated with Vit D, 50000 U once a week whereas the control group received placebo with the same dose and package, both for 12 weeks. At the end of the intervention lab tests and ultrasound study was performed once again to evaluate the response to treatment. @*Results@#It was found out that Vit D supplementation improved the fatty liver grade in the study group. The mean changes in hemoglobin (Hb), uric acid, highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), insulin, albumin and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was significantly higher in the study group compared to controls (p<0.05). After the intervention and means adjustment, a significant difference was obtained in HDL-C, insulin, LDL-C and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) between the two groups. @*Conclusion@#Vit D supplementation in addition to improving the fatty liver grade in ultrasonography and increasing the blood Vit D level, increases the HDL and Hb level besides decreasing uric acid, LDL, HOMA-IR, insulin and ALT levels.
ABSTRACT
Purpose@#The rising prevalence of childhood obesity in the past decades has caused nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to become the most common cause of pediatric chronic liver disease worldwide. This study was aimed at determining the effect of vitamin D (Vit D) on ultrasonography and laboratory indices of NAFLD and some blood biochemical indicators in children. @*Methods@#In this interventional study liver ultrasonography was performed in 200 children with overweight and obesity. A 108 had fatty liver among which 101 were randomly divided into two groups of study (n=51) and control (n=50). The study group was treated with Vit D, 50000 U once a week whereas the control group received placebo with the same dose and package, both for 12 weeks. At the end of the intervention lab tests and ultrasound study was performed once again to evaluate the response to treatment. @*Results@#It was found out that Vit D supplementation improved the fatty liver grade in the study group. The mean changes in hemoglobin (Hb), uric acid, highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), insulin, albumin and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was significantly higher in the study group compared to controls (p<0.05). After the intervention and means adjustment, a significant difference was obtained in HDL-C, insulin, LDL-C and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) between the two groups. @*Conclusion@#Vit D supplementation in addition to improving the fatty liver grade in ultrasonography and increasing the blood Vit D level, increases the HDL and Hb level besides decreasing uric acid, LDL, HOMA-IR, insulin and ALT levels.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the frequency of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis [SBP] in cases with liver cirrhosis
Study design: Cross-sectional study
Place of study: Department of Medicine, Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore
Period of study: From March 2016 to November 2016
Methodology: In this study there were total 100 cases included of liver cirrhosis of both genders with age range of 12 to 70 years. Cirrhosis was labelled depending upon the ultrasonography findings of decreased liver size, parenchymal changes with or without portal vein dilatation with deranged liver functions. SBP was labelled where the ascites albumin gradient was more than 1.1 with TLC count more than 500 with neutrophils more than 250/ml
Results: In the present study there were total 100 cases of liver cirrhosis. There were 69 [69%] males and 31 [31%] females. The mean age of the cases was 49.21+/-8.14 years. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was seen in 40 [40%] of the cases. There was no significant different in term of duration of cirrhosis with p= 0.98. SBP was seen in 32 [47.05%] in child pugh class C and 08 [33.33%] in class B with p= 0.04
Conclusion: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is seen in almost half of the cases of liver cirrhosis and is significantly associated with child pugh class C
ABSTRACT
Objectives: To determine the frequency of raised homocysteine level in ischemic stroke
Methodology: This was a cross sectional study. This was carried out at Department of Medicine, Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore during March 2016 to November 2016. The 100 cases of either gender falling in the age range of 40-80 years were included. ischemic infarct was labeled on the basis of hypodense area on CT brain. Raised homocysteine level was labeled when the levels were more than 15 Mumol/L
Results: In the present study there were total 100 cases of ischemic stroke, there were 60 [60%] males and 40 [40%] females. The mean age of the cases was 52.34+/- 6.57 years. Raised homocysteine levels was seen in 60 [60%] of the cases. It was seen more in females affecting 24 [63.15%] cases with p= 0.48. It was near significantly high in age group 60-80 years where it was seen in 34 [65.38%] of cases with p= 0.09
Conclusion: Ischemic stroke is one of the fatal complication of raised homocysteine levels and it is near significantly associated with higher age
ABSTRACT
Objective: the objective of this study is to identify risk factors related to low BMD among patients attending the Centre for Nuclear Medicine [CENUM]
Methods: it was a cross sectional study conducted at the Centre for Nuclear Medicine [CENUM] Mayo Hospital Lahore, from February 2011 to September 2011.A sample of 246 participants aged 50 to 85 years [both male and female] was selected using non probability convenient sampling technique. Magnitude of BMD status was described using T score as WHO criteria. The data was analyzed by using SPSS version 17.Pearson Correlation was applied to find relationship between different quantitative variable. Also, an independent sample T test was applied to see the significant difference
Results: the results have shown that out of 246 participants, 24 [9.8%] were men and 222 were women [90.2%] aged 50-85 yrs. BMD has significant correlation with age, weight and height of the patients [p 0.05 for both Left Hip and lumber spine T score respectively] as compared to other patients. The patients who had low backache also showed low BMD [p
Conclusions: based on the study results it is concluded that low BMD is a wide spread public health problem and it needs due importance
ABSTRACT
Typhoid fever is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Data from World Health Organization [WHO] shows that 21 million cases of typhoid occur globally every year and over 200, 000 die each year; most of them at a very young age. The situation in Pakistan is similar. Typhi and other typhoidal salmonellae have developed resistance to chloramphenicol and other first line anti-typhoid. There is a rapid increase in multi-drug resistance [MDR] throughout the world. There is an urgent need to find out alternative medicine to sort out this problem. This study was conducted to establish preventive as well as therapeutic potential of Manuka honey. A total of eighty pathogen free BALB/C mice between 8 weeks to 12 weeks of age, weighing 25-30 grams were taken and divided into 4 groups. Group A, B and C were infected through oral route with 108 colony forming unit [CFU] of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 to produce typhoid like disease in mice. Group A, which comprised of 20 mice was further divided in A1 and A2 given Manuka honey at a dose of 15ml/kg and 20 ml/kg respectively. Group B, which comprised of 20 mice was further divided in B1 and B2 was given Manuka honey at dose of 20ml/kg and 25ml/kg respectively. Clinical features of mouse typhoid, like body temperature, respiratory rate, number of stools and general behavior were recorded twice daily. Blood cultures of mice in different groups were taken at different days to evaluate the establishment of infection as well as to observe the therapeutic and preventive potential of Manuka honey in mouse typhoid. Fisher's Exact, Chi- Square and t-test were used to analyze the data. Significant association was observed in the ultimate fate of mice in Group A1 and Group A2 [P<0.001], showing that from a total of 20 mice in both groups, 10 mice fall in Group A1 of which 10 [100%] developed infection as it was not prevented by honey at a dose of 15ml/kg body weight [15.00+0.00] in Group A1 and ten mice fall in Group A2 of which 10[100%] did not developed an infection as it was prevented by honey at a dose of 20ml/kg body weight [20.00+0.00] in Group A2. Significant association was observed in the ultimate fate of mice in Group B1 and Group B2 [p<0.001] showing that from a total of 20 mice in both groups, 10 mice fall in Group B1 of which 10 [100%] had an infection, which was not treated by honey at a dose of 20 ml/kg body weight. Ten mice fall in Group B2 of which 10 [100%] had an infection, which was treated by honey at a dose of 25 ml/kg body weight [25.00+0.00]. Results of the present study suggest that Manuka honey [UMF25+] has a potent anti-typhoid activity in vivo as well. There is an intense need for a carefully designed clinical trial in which this therapeutic potential of Manuka honey should be further evaluated. There is also need for the search of local honeys comparable to Manuka honey as a therapeutic option for typhoid fever.
ABSTRACT
Reports from many parts of the world suggest that chemical and physical agents in the environment, introduced and spread by human activity may affect fertility in men. The objective of this article is to highlight the environmental factors and their association to male sperm quality and count as well. This study focusing on exposure to environmental factors affecting the semen quality of the workers working in different factories for a period of 5 to 7 years in Lahore. The results from this study suggest that there are many environmental factors which may affect semen quality and sperm count. It is necessary to prevent parental exposure to the agents associated with those hazards
ABSTRACT
Childhood obesity could induce some risk factors for cardiovascular disease [CVD] including serum lipid abnormalities, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to comparison the lipid profile in normal children with cases having overweight, obesity and central obesity. In this case control study, which was conducted 2013, serum lipids for three groups of children including cases with overweight [Body mass index [BMI]: 85-95th percentiles to age and sex and waist circumference [WC] <90th percentile to age and sex = Case group1], central obesity without general obesity [BMI <85th percentiles and WC >/= percentile 90 = Case group 2] and central obesity with general obesity [BMI >/=95th percentile and WC >/= percentile 90 = Case group 3] were compared with control group [BMI < 85th percentiles WC <90th percentile]. Data were analyzed using software SPSS-16 by chi-square and ANOVA tests at significance level alpha =0.05. Each group consisted of 100 individuals. The highest mean of serum lipids and the highest extent of dyslipidemia existed in the children having central obesity along with general obesity. So that 49%, 28%, and 38% students of this group show hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]. Odd ratio of hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia and low HDL-c, in children with at least one abnormal index [BMI and /or WC] compared with control group were 3.73 [95% CI: 1.98, 6.99], 1.37 [95% CI: 0.71, 2.65] and 2.98 [95% CI: 1.51, 5.87], respectively. With regard to the relationship between central obesity and adverse changes in lipid profiles, the screening children for central obesity to prevention of cardiovascular disease are recommended
ABSTRACT
To assess whether bromocriptine-rebound method [BRM] can improve pregnancy outcomes compared to long protocol after intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles [ICSIs]. A total of 114 women underwent ICSI. Pregnancy outcomes and hormonal data were compared between two groups, i.e. long protocol and BRM. Ovulatory women with normal serum prolactin levels were assigned to either BRM [n = 57 cycles] or long protocol [n = 57 cycles]. Both procedures were carried out in a similar way. However, a group of patients were given bromocriptine daily from the 4[th] day of the preceding cycle until 7 days before gonadotropin stimulation. There were no significant differences in the numbers of developed follicles, total retrieval oocytes, transferred embryo and embryos with superior morphology between the two groups. Also, the values of chemical, clinical and ongoing pregnancies and live births were not significantly different [36.8%, 35.1%, 28.1%, 28.1% in BRM group and 43.9%, 38.6%, 21.1% and 19.3% in long protocol, respectively]. Ongoing pregnancy and live birth were significantly higher in chemical pregnancy in the BRM group [P = .04 and P = .035, respectively]. This prospective study demonstrated that BRM might lead to higher ongoing pregnancy and live birth rates compared to the long protocol in women undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles
ABSTRACT
Metabolic syndrome [MS] is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disorders. MS is increasing among adolescents. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of MS in 11-18 years old Birjandi school children in 2012. This crosssectional study was conducted on 2394 eleven-eighteen years old school children in Birjand [1304 girls and 1090 boys] through Multiple-Cluster Sampling. Height, weight, waist circumference and blood pressure were measured by standard methods. Blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C were measured after a 12-hour fasting. MS was defined according to the modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software [ver. 16] using statistical T test, logistic regression and Chi square at P<0.05. According to this study, 6.9% of adolescents [4.5% of females and 9.9% of males] had MS. Occurrence rate of MS in male students was 2.32 times of female ones. Components of MS included low HDL [27.7%], hypertriglyceridemia [23.7%], central obesity [16.2%], systolic hypertension [9.4%], diastolic hypertension [0.9%], and high FBS [0.6%]. This study showed a significant relationship between MS, and overweight, obesity and central obesity. 48.5% of the adolescents had at least one component of MS. MS has a high prevalence in Birjandi adolescents, particularly in the obese ones. Thus, preventive measures such as correcting life style, having appropriate nutrition, and encouraging adolescents to have more physical activity are recommended
ABSTRACT
Anthropometric indices are widely used to assess the health and nutritional status of children. The aim of the present study was determination of malnutrition and compare estimates of under nutrition among young children under 2 years of age from Birjand city of Iran using WHO growth standard and the National Center for Health Statistics [NCHS] references. The cross-sectional descriptive study conducted on 822 children under 2 years of age mean z scores for weight-for-age and height-for-age and prevalence underweight, stunting and wasting were calculated using the new WHO growth standards and compared with NCHS references. Compared with NCHS reference, the mean height for age were lower and mean weight for age scores were almost similar using the WHO standards. Prevalence underweight, stunting, and wasting using WHO standards were 5.2-8.2% and 1.9%, respectively, compared to 6.5-37.3% and 1% based on the NCHS references. Using WHO standards resulted differences in mean z score for height for age and changes in prevalence of stunting compared with NCHS references in Birjand city children
ABSTRACT
Prevalence of obesity in children has been increased during recent decades all over the world. Obesity, particularly, abdominal obesity [AO] is associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to assess obesity and central obesity within students aged 11-18 of Birjand city. This cross-sectional and descriptive- analytical study was conducted on 2458 secondary and high school students, including 1345 girls [54.8%] and 1113 boys [45.2%], who had been selected from Birjand Middle and high schools through multiple-cluster sampling in 2012. For determination of AO, waist circumference and the percentage 90 or more regarding age and sex were used. The obtained data were analyzed by using statistical t-tests and X[2] at the significant level P < 0.05. Among the studied students, average 16.3% [20% of boys and 13.2% of girls] had AO. The obtained data about these two groups shows statistical significant difference of P < 0.001. Chance of AO in boys was 1.6 times greater than that of girls. Odds ratio [OR] = 1.6 [confidence interval [CI]: 1.3-2.1]. It was 1.9 times more about under 15-year-old than over 15 aged subjects. OR = 1.9 [CI: 1.5-2.4]. Regarding high prevalence of AO in Birjand adolescents, it is recommended that adolescents and their families should be warned for long-term outcomes of obesity on quality-of-life. Periodic studies are suggested for awareness of obesity trends in the coming years
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The aim of this study to determine the levels of Total triiodothyronine [T3] in patients with first episode of Endogenous depression [prior to medical treatment] and in matched controls. Punjab Institute of Mental Health. Between Jan. and Dec.2011. 100 newly diagnosed depressive patients in the age range of 18-65 years were included in the study. 60 healthy controls were taken from dermatological clinic. Total triiodothyronine [T3] was estimated using enzyme - immune assay. The results obtained were analyzed using Statistical package of social sciences, Version 7.0 [SPSS 7.0]. No significant difference in levels of Total triiodothyronine [T3] was found in depressive patients and control. Lower levels of T3 in depressive patients could lead to subclinical hypothyroidism and refractiveness. Therefore, thyroid profile in refractive patients is suggested
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Male , Depressive Disorder/metabolism , Depressive Disorder/blood , Hypothyroidism/etiology , Thyroid Function TestsABSTRACT
Prevalence of obesity in children has been increasing during recent decades all over the world. Obesity, particularly central obesity, is associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. The present study aimed to assess obesity and central obesity in 6-11 year old Birjand elementary school children, East of Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1541 elementary school children, i.e. 851girls and 690 boys, selected from Birjand elementary schools through multiple-cluster sampling in 2012. In order to determine overweight and obesity the percentile of CDC was used, so that, 85-95[th] percentile were taken as overweight and >95[th] percentile was defined as obese with respect to age and sex. For determination of central obesity, waist circumference and the >/= 90[th] percentile were used regarding age and sex. The obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software [V: 15] using t and chi-square statistical tests at the 0.05 significant level. Out of the studied children, 9.6% [11% of boys and 8.3% of girls] were overweight and 9.2% of children [i.e. 10.9% of boys and 7.9% of girls] were obese. About 15.7% of children [i.e. 20.3% of boys and 12% of girls] had central obesity. Regarding high prevalence of obesity, central obesity, and overweight in Birjand elementary school children, it is recommended that families should be provided with necessary information with respect to correcting life-style and preventing obesity in children
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Objective: To evaluate the leading causes of pre-analytical errors in a clinical chemistry laboratory
Methods: A retrospective analysis of the results obtained from the clinical chemistry laboratory for errors in the pre-analytical phase has been carried out to summarize data regarding the frequency of the main factors affecting the pre-analytical quality of results. Laboratory personnel were asked to register rejections, and causes for rejection of ward as well as out-patient samples collected in the laboratory
Results: Of the 1,54,554 tubes received during the data collection period, 2505 samples were found unsuitable for further processing. This accounted for 1.52% of all samples collected in the laboratory. Rejections arose as a result of the following reasons: 0.48% were rejected due to hemolysis; 0.92% were specimens without proper requisition slips; and 0.14% had insufficient sample quantity
Conclusion: Of all the samples received in the lab, the overall percentage of rejection is 1.62%
ABSTRACT
Age-adjusted incidence of prostate cancer in Pakistan is 5.3 per 100,000 which is relatively low compared to other Asian countries, but increasing numbers of cases are being reported. Data on risk factors associated with prostate cancer risk among Pakistani men are sparse. The objective of this study was to identify lifestyle factors associated with the risk of prostate cancer in Pakistani men. An unmatched case-control study was conducted in Lahore from February to October 2011. The study enrolled 195 histologically confirmed cases of adenocarcinoma of prostate from Shaukat Khanum Memorial Hospital and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology Lahore [INMOL] and Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, using purposive sampling technique. A total of 390 hospital controls were selected using convenient sampling technique from different teaching hospitals of Lahore after screening with prostate specific antigen levels. A semi-structured interview form was used to collect data through face-to-face interviews. Odds ratio was used as a measure of strength of association and was calculated using unconditional logistic regression. Farmers were found to be at higher odds of prostate cancer [OR=19.76, 95% CI=5.51-70.80, p<0.001]. No significant association was found with marital status, ethnic background, religious affiliation and consanguineous marriages. Level of physical activity was inversely associated with prostate cancer risk [OR=0.05, 95% CI=0.01-0.26, p<0.001]. Positive association was found with increased red meat consumption [OR=11.82, 95% CI=2.88-48.54, p=0.001] and dairy products intake [OR=11.76, 95% CI=4.23-32.67, p<0.001]. Red meat consumption, higher dairy products intake and working as farmers are strongly associated with increased odds of prostate cancer among Pakistani men.
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To assess the knowledge among parents of thalassemia major patients about prenatal diagnosis, premarital screening for carrier detection and impact of consanguineous marriage on disease transmission. Descriptive study. The Thalassemia Centre, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore, from July to September 2009. One hundred and fifteen parents of beta-thalassemia major patients were enrolled in this study. A questionnaire was developed and parents were interviewed to assess their knowledge about preventive measures against thalassemia major. Parents of patients with all other types of blood disorder were excluded from the study. There were 74 male [64.3%] and 41 female [35.7] patients with mean age of 9.5 +/- 5.1 years. Eighty-eight patients [76.5%] were accompanied by mothers and the rest by their fathers. Seventy-four parents [32.1%] were illiterate; among the literates only 7 were highly educated [3%]. Ninety-four couples [81.7%] had consanguineous marriage. Fifty-two parents [44.6%] knew that thalassemia is an inherited disorder. Thirty-eight [33%] had heard about the test for detecting thalassemia carrier. Premarital screening and prenatal diagnosis was known to 97 [84.3%] and 88 [76.5%] parents respectively. Ninety-nine parents [86.1%] knew about the termination of pregnancy on positive prenatal test but only 69 considered it acceptable religiously [60%]. Major source of information to the parents were doctors. Parental knowledge about thalassemia and its preventive measures was inadequate; this requires intervention in the form of public health education programs concentrating on high risk/targeted population
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To evaluate the knowledge of HIV/AIDS among gypsies in Lahore and their preventive practices. Cross-sectional study. Four gypsy settlements around Multan Road, Lahore were surveyed from July to August 2009. Two hundred and thirteen randomly selected gypsies, aged 15-50 years, were interviewed using a pretested questionnaire based on UNAIDS survey indicators. Socio-demographic information and knowledge about HIV/AIDS, its spread and preventive practices was asked. Scoring systems were devised to categorize the level of knowledge and preventive practices as satisfactory and unsatisfactory. Statistically significant difference between knowledge and preventive practices was calculated by Pearson's chi-square test using Epi Info. version 3.5.1. The mean age of participants was 29.5 +/- 6.5 years, including 60.2% males and 39.8% females. Aggregate score for the level of knowledge indicated that 17 [7.98%] of these gypsies had satisfactory knowledge about HIV/AIDS and its transmission, whereas 40 [18.77%] and 156 [73.23%] were classified as having unsatisfactory and poor knowledge respectively. However, there was a statistically significant difference [p=0.003] when this knowledge was compared with preventive practices. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS among gypsies in Lahore was largely unsatisfactory. Improving knowledge about HIV/AIDS among gypsy community may result in positive behavioural change for disease prevention
ABSTRACT
Disease and hospitalization can be the first crisis that a child encounters. The aim of this study is to reveal a clear picture of the meaning of hospitalization in children, to show the experience and behavior of hospitalized children and to discover the meaning and understanding of hospitalization in them. This study is a phenomenology study of qualitative research within the framework of Husserl Eidetic phenomenology through comprehensive interviewing. The objective group consisted of children 7-11 years old and their parents hospitalized in the children's ward of 22 Bahman Hospital and the surgery ward of 15 Khordad Hospital during the study [2008]. Method of selection of participants was as follows: having experience of hospitalization, having ability to answer the questions, and being volunteered. Sample size was detected by data saturation. In the method of sampling, an object group of 20 [12 children and 8 parents] were chosen and interviewed. The Seven Colaizzi Stages were used for analysis of data. The analysis of the interviews and the written narrations of the participants led to the extraction of 6 inner themes consisting of sickness, environment, reciprocal relationship, parents' personal problems, mental and emotional matters and a spiritual dimension; all of which define a specific aspect of the experience of hospital in children and parents. The experience of hospitalization in children can be considered as a process of effort for returning to health and, on the whole, the regaining of the individual's status in the world. Nurses can ease this process by showing the importance of experience and feelings of individuals at the time of hospitalization and help people to adapt themselves to their new surroundings. This matter can enable the nurses to utilize methods of helping in the adaptation of individuals and thus guide the unique powers present in every individual to ease and quicken recovery
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Parents , BehaviorABSTRACT
Intestinal parasitic infection is one of the major public health problems in developing countries. Children are more vulnerable to these infections. In addition, the prevalence of infection is different among various communities; hence, there is a need for the periodical prevalence evaluation. This study was performed to define the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among the students of South Khorasan Province, eastern Iran in 2007. A cross-sectional study was performed on 2169 students aged 6-11 years in six cities of South Khorasan Province in 2007. Three stool specimens were collected from each student. Specimens were examined with direct wet and formalin ethyl acetate method. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 15 software. From a total 2169 students, 47.7% were infected with one or more intestinal parasites. Almost 33.4% were pathogen parasites. The most common parasite was Giardia [28.7%]. The prevalence rate of infection was significantly higher in rural area than that of urban area [P=0.001]. The prevalence of infection was also much more common in those students whose parents were less educated. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in this region is remarkable. Public health education and using healthy water are recommended